dos. Materials and techniques
Data were collected using the WBQ tool from in the area of Athens, Greece from 473 individuals aged 16–86 (42 ± 18 years) (221 males) in summer and from 511 individuals aged 16–86 (38 ± 20 years) (245 males) in winter, stratified by age and sex according to the Hellenic Statistical Authority . All volunteers were informed on the objectives of the study and the procedures involved and signed an informed consent. The retrieved data were confidential, and the study followed the ethical considerations provided by The Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (Declaration of Helsinki). The WBQ incorporates a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire validated to record energy intake against three-day diaries (p < 0.001)>
In particular, the fresh new WBQ brings: (A) studies towards the character of the fellow member; (B) recording away from usage toward period of the past month away from strong and water restaurants, water otherwise drinks from a partial-quantitative restaurants volume survey (FFQ) off 58 delicacies verified to have estimating times intake additionally the extra glucose and honey that is set in products; and (C) estimation off exercise with regards to the All over the world Physical activity Survey (IPAQ) , and therefore facts duration of exercise in https://kissbrides.com/cuban-brides/ the about three hobby membership (severe, modest, light do it) or inactive standards. The newest IPAQ has been verified in past times while the a corner-national software to have recording exercise [20,21,22] and guess times expenditure.
The energy and water blogs of registered foods and you will drinks are examined with the Diet plan Analysis Including (Wadsworth Posting Co Inc., Belmont, Ca, USA), and this uses composition analysis regarding USDA Federal Mineral Databases and you may picked Greek foods (we.age., mousakas, pastitsio, Greek yoghurt, lentiles kidney beans soups, numerous Greek pies, souvlaki, stuffed tomatoes) . According to total opportunity consumption and effort expense, opportunity harmony was evaluated also.
Within data, “drinks” identifies fruit liquid or packaged liquid 100% in the place of sugar blogs, sugar-sugary drinks (SSDs) (fruit nectar with glucose, carbonated drinks with sugar and effort/isotonic beverages), low calorie sodas, beverage and you will natural infusions, dairy (all types of milk products, chocolates milk and you will cocoa drink), milkshake and you may sherbets, coffee and coffee drinks, and alcoholic beverages (beer, drink as well as sort of alcoholic drinks). “Take in energy intake (DEI)” describes times consumption out of products “complete times intake (TEI)” to time intake out-of most of the provide and you can “time intake out-of items” in order to times intake off good and you can fluid meals (elizabeth.grams., soups). The new sum out of products groups to complete opportunity intake (investigation away from Malisova et al. 2013), exhibited as total drinking habits (TWI), i.age., liquids away from products, liquids, solid and you may water snacks and as drink water intake (DWI), we.elizabeth., liquids from beverages and you will liquid.
step 3. Analytical Analysis
Email address details are shown just like the suggest ± sd with the typically marketed variables and you will average (P25–P75) toward skewed of them. Normality are checked with the likelihood–chances spot (P–P spot) and you can histograms. Differences when considering group regarding your overall time consumption, energy out of products, opportunity away from delicacies, time expense, time harmony, drinking habits, drinking water of water and you will products, liquids regarding drinks, liquids regarding liquid, liquids regarding meals, water loss and liquids balance have been reviewed to the separate try t-test into generally speaking distributed variables together with Mann-Whittney You-attempt on the skewed of those. Also, differences when considering the newest four quartiles of your energy from products had been examined on the that-way ANOVA F-take to to your usually marketed parameters as well as the Kruskal-Wallis H Attempt with the skewed of these. Relevance level is lay from the 5%. Correlations between the share out-of products so you can intake of water into the family relations to help you time in wintertime and you will summer was basically tested by Pearson’s or Spearman’s correlation coefficients for normally marketed otherwise skewed details. All statistical analyses performed having fun with PASW Statistics 18 (SPSS Inc, Chi town, IL, USA).